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2013 m. balandžio 12 d., penktadienis
Golden autumn
http://youtu.be/1dKz0OnALH0 Seasons of the Year, traditionally assigned to four: spring, summer, autumn and winter.
Seasons change caused by Earth's revolution around the Sun and the Earth's axis of rotation of a constant inclination to the Earth's orbit plane. Earth's northern hemisphere facing the sun in spring and summer, less - in the autumn and winter, because sunlight is falling on the northern hemisphere, erect, and the sun shines and heats it in a stronger spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Earth's Southern Hemisphere sun shines and heats strongly at a time when the northern hemisphere autumn and winter is the result that, for example. The northern hemisphere is winter in the Southern Hemisphere - summer.
Astronomical seasons.Chart Earth's seasons, when viewed from the Southern Hemisphere
Astronomical beginning of spring in the Southern Hemisphere is the moment when the Sun moving in the ecliptic passes through the center of the celestial equator at the vernal equinox (March 20-21).. At this point, in both hemispheres (except the polar areas) day and night time is almost equal.
Astronomical beginning of summer in Northern Hemisphere land and astronomical beginning of winter in the Southern Hemisphere is the moment when the Sun passes through the center point of the ecliptic, the farthest north of the celestial equator (June 21-22).. At the moment the Earth is in the Northern Hemisphere the longest day and the southern hemisphere - the shortest.
Earth's astronomical beginning of autumn in the northern hemisphere and the astronomical beginning of spring in the Southern Hemisphere is the moment when the Sun passes through the center again in the celestial equator, but after the autumn equinox point (September 22-23).. At this point, in both hemispheres between day and night time is almost equal.
Astronomical beginning of winter in Northern Hemisphere land and astronomical beginning of summer in the Southern Hemisphere is the moment when the Sun passes through the center point of the ecliptic, the farthest south of the celestial equator (December 21-22).. At this point, Land in the Northern Hemisphere is the shortest day, the Southern Hemisphere - the longest.
Due to the fact that the Earth orbits around the Sun in elliptic orbit is irregular, seasonal duration of variable. Earth is closest to the Sun in early January, when passing through the perihelion and probably orbits. As a result, the Northern Hemisphere winter is the shortest astronomical season, and the astronomical summer - the longest (in the northern hemisphere astronomical spring lasts ~ 92.8 days, astronomical summer ~ 93.6 d, 89.8 astronomical autumn ~ d ~ 89.0 astronomical winter D). For the same reason, the Northern Hemisphere summer semester (spring and summer]]) is ~ 8 days longer than the winter half-year.
2013 m. sausio 18 d., penktadienis
Photographyhobby
Photography - conservation technology in mechanical, chemical or digital techniques. The word comes from the Greek words φως Phos ("light") and γραφις graphs ("brush"), which also means drawing with light. This term is in English and German language came into use in 1839. February Experimental period (1820-1840 m). Chalon - sur - Saone, in J. N. Niepce'as since 1813. improved recently invented lithography method. He hoped to create such a manner that "painted" a lithographic chalk, and light. About 1827. He has used the term heliografija (sun drawing), and photographs describing the engravings copying tools. In 1829. December Niepce'as begin to cooperate with L. J. M. Daguerre'u, a former set designer, who in 1822. invented the diorama (an improved version of the panoramic imaging). Daguerre'as discovered that invisible images obtained using silver iodide to highlight the vapor of silver. Logging plates immersed in a hot aqueous salt solution. The first successful dagerotipija made in 1837. Fox Talbot, English scientist and naturalist, in 1833. began testing in order to capture the images onto photosensitive paper. As a developer using gallium acid. Produced by negative, which, covered with wax, to make transparent, and of his receiving a transparent positive prints. Talbot became a pioneer in photographic printing. The method, which produces images kalotipiniai talbotipiniai or became publicly known in 1839. fotogeninis as drawing, and 1841. he patented.
Shooting light enters the camera through the lens of the lens system. Adjusting the lens position changing image, the camera focuses in the cell. Top, a variable focal length lens allows not only the "focus" (make bold) scene, but it is closer (in fact at the time the picture angle is reduced, while the approximate them "object has a growing part of the picture area). As long as the camera shutter is open, the light falls on the film negative or other light-sensitive material and affects the light-sensitive elements, as recorded in the image. This process is controlled by two main parameters of photos - and the retention of the diaphragm. Exposure is usually expressed in seconds or parts of a second greatest impact on the amount of light entering fotoaratą. Possible values depend on the maintenance of the same camera and lens replacement does not change. Since the maintenance of brightness and sharpness of moving objects in the picture. The longer the exposure - look at the brighter objects photographed (using a long exposure night images and the like), but will be obscured or completely fused moving objects and people. Exposure photography is combined with the choice of film sensitivity. Film sensitivity is the most important film parameter. It is the manufacturer and depends on the chemical reaction to light qualities. The higher the number, indicating the sensitivity of the strip, the less light (less maintenance, narrower aperture) it needs to capture the same image brightness. This particular lens aperture, forming a variable-diameter hole in the light to enter. It is measured in so called f-numbers identifying the relative aperture of the lens diameter and length ratios. Unlike maintenance, possible difragmos setting options are limited and depends on the lens. Large aperture - the number refers to the narrow beam to get a hole in shooting - from the picture is dark (no maintenance), but even at different distances from the camera in the object will look quite sharp. Meanwhile, a small f - number representing the diagram is widely useful light to spend more light into the picture, but only to highlight and focused at the same distance of the objects - everything else will be noticeably blurry. Later film is affected by chemical means (development) and the image triggered the creation of a positive or negative. After the light projected through a negative (positive) onto light-sensitive paper, create a color or black and white black and white picture - a picture (photograph).
Lithuania Radviliskis
Radviliškis was founded at the end of the 15th century. It was first mentioned in the book on state economics by M. Downar-Zapolsky listing the cities taxpayers in 1567. In 1687, Jan Sobieski, the king of Lithuania and Poland, granted the right of holding a market to it.
Radviliškis was devastated many times by military forces, plaque and hunger in the 17th – 19th centuries. There were no citizens left in Radviliškis after the plague in 1708–1710.
Radviliškis railway station
Town growth began when the Liepāja–Romny railway line, crossing the town, was built in 1870 and Radviliškis–Daugavpils line was built in 1873. Railwaymen constituted the majority of the residents.
In 1999, a sculpture of the Victory goddess Nike was unveiled in the center of Radviliškis to commemorate the eightieth anniversary of the victory over the united German–Russian West Russian Volunteer Army. It was created by sculptor P. Mazuras.
Supposedly, the name originated from the name of the noble Radziwiłł (Radvila) family. This family ruled Radviliškis for more than 200 years, from 1546 to 1764.
A rising and light-emitting horse, representing communication, motion, city development and flourishing, is depicted in the coat of arms of Radviliškis. The light is a symbol of civilization's role in the city development. It was created by artist Laima Ramonienė in 1992.
Radviliškis, settled on everglades, was famous for its railway and black-from-locomotive-smoke sparrows.
The three symbols of the town are the railways, club rush, and black sparrows.
There are Evangelical-reformed, Protestant, Lutheran, and Orthodox chapels, Jewish synagogues and Catholic Churches in Radviliškis.
The stone windmill of Radviliškis was erected in remembrance of the violent and triumphant battles in 1919 against the German–Russian armed forces.
The wooden belfry of Radviliškis parish's Blessed Virgin Mary church of the Immaculate Conception is a topical architecture monument. It was set in 1878. The belfry burned twice. It was reconstructed in 1984.
Radziwill (Polish usually call themselves Radziwiłł) - Grand Duchy of noble race, a prominent fifteenth century. and remained one of the most influential to the Grand Duchy of life of the eighteenth century. at the end. Radziwill was one of the wealthiest families, they owned 23 castles, 426 towns and cities, 2032 manors, 10,053 villages. Since 1547. Radziwill, the only Lithuanian nobility of the Holy Roman Empire was the title of princes.
Coat of Arms in 1547. Radvilos gift Roman EmperorEvangelical Reformed Church, which had become a family mausoleum, remains Dubingiai
Radziwill castle Biržai Radziwill church remains Nesvizh Radziwill castle Nesvizh Radziwill castle NesvizhRadziwill castle tower and the church NesvizhRadziwill Palace Hall NieborovRadziwill estate Arcadia AqueductRadziwill Palace in Warsaw, Poland, now President of the Chamber
Hall ŠidlavojeRadziwill Castle Biala PodlasieRadziwill, even 166 years had one of the most important, Vilnius Voivode office. The family supplied 37 palatines, 22 ministers (chancellors, marshals, hetmans, treasurers), three bishops, a cardinal, a queen and a host of other dignitaries. Radziwill coat of arms "Trumpets" Horodlėje received in 1413, as well as 46 other Lithuanian noble family, according to Horodle agreThree sons, Nicholas Radvilaičio the sixteenth century. began to separate branches of the tribe:
Miadzel, Goniondzo, Raigorodo line in 1470-1546. The most important representative - Sofia Radvilaitė grandmother of King Stefan Batory.
Biržai-stick line in 1478-1669. Pioneer Nicholas Radziwill the Black (1515-1565), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania and Vilnius Province, one of the brightest and most influential Lithuanian Protestant. The most important representative - Barbara Radvilaitė Sigismund Augustus' second wife, Grand Duchess of Lithuania and Poland, the Queen. Last quotation stick-branch manager of estates - Ludwig Radvilaite Carolina.
Nesvizh Olyka-line from the start of 1474. Pioneer Nicholas Radziwill Brown (1512-1584), the Lithuanian Great Hetman of Lithuania, the Grand Chancellor of the Province of Vilnius, the Lithuanian Head of Delegation of Lublin. Nesvizh-line Olyka had dumpling, Šidlavos, Berdyčevo branches are merged together and then split up, until the twentieth century. briefly at the beginning was almost completely fused. But it is the first, second world wars, revolutions, or nusavinusios išparceliavusios estates, so that the princes of controlling the number of titles referring to the mandatory estates, has disappeared, although the family descendants have survived to this day.
Radviliškis was devastated many times by military forces, plaque and hunger in the 17th – 19th centuries. There were no citizens left in Radviliškis after the plague in 1708–1710.
Radviliškis railway station
Town growth began when the Liepāja–Romny railway line, crossing the town, was built in 1870 and Radviliškis–Daugavpils line was built in 1873. Railwaymen constituted the majority of the residents.
In 1999, a sculpture of the Victory goddess Nike was unveiled in the center of Radviliškis to commemorate the eightieth anniversary of the victory over the united German–Russian West Russian Volunteer Army. It was created by sculptor P. Mazuras.
Supposedly, the name originated from the name of the noble Radziwiłł (Radvila) family. This family ruled Radviliškis for more than 200 years, from 1546 to 1764.
A rising and light-emitting horse, representing communication, motion, city development and flourishing, is depicted in the coat of arms of Radviliškis. The light is a symbol of civilization's role in the city development. It was created by artist Laima Ramonienė in 1992.
Radviliškis, settled on everglades, was famous for its railway and black-from-locomotive-smoke sparrows.
The three symbols of the town are the railways, club rush, and black sparrows.
There are Evangelical-reformed, Protestant, Lutheran, and Orthodox chapels, Jewish synagogues and Catholic Churches in Radviliškis.
The stone windmill of Radviliškis was erected in remembrance of the violent and triumphant battles in 1919 against the German–Russian armed forces.
The wooden belfry of Radviliškis parish's Blessed Virgin Mary church of the Immaculate Conception is a topical architecture monument. It was set in 1878. The belfry burned twice. It was reconstructed in 1984.
Radziwill (Polish usually call themselves Radziwiłł) - Grand Duchy of noble race, a prominent fifteenth century. and remained one of the most influential to the Grand Duchy of life of the eighteenth century. at the end. Radziwill was one of the wealthiest families, they owned 23 castles, 426 towns and cities, 2032 manors, 10,053 villages. Since 1547. Radziwill, the only Lithuanian nobility of the Holy Roman Empire was the title of princes.
Coat of Arms in 1547. Radvilos gift Roman EmperorEvangelical Reformed Church, which had become a family mausoleum, remains Dubingiai
Radziwill castle Biržai Radziwill church remains Nesvizh Radziwill castle Nesvizh Radziwill castle NesvizhRadziwill castle tower and the church NesvizhRadziwill Palace Hall NieborovRadziwill estate Arcadia AqueductRadziwill Palace in Warsaw, Poland, now President of the Chamber
Hall ŠidlavojeRadziwill Castle Biala PodlasieRadziwill, even 166 years had one of the most important, Vilnius Voivode office. The family supplied 37 palatines, 22 ministers (chancellors, marshals, hetmans, treasurers), three bishops, a cardinal, a queen and a host of other dignitaries. Radziwill coat of arms "Trumpets" Horodlėje received in 1413, as well as 46 other Lithuanian noble family, according to Horodle agreThree sons, Nicholas Radvilaičio the sixteenth century. began to separate branches of the tribe:
Miadzel, Goniondzo, Raigorodo line in 1470-1546. The most important representative - Sofia Radvilaitė grandmother of King Stefan Batory.
Biržai-stick line in 1478-1669. Pioneer Nicholas Radziwill the Black (1515-1565), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania and Vilnius Province, one of the brightest and most influential Lithuanian Protestant. The most important representative - Barbara Radvilaitė Sigismund Augustus' second wife, Grand Duchess of Lithuania and Poland, the Queen. Last quotation stick-branch manager of estates - Ludwig Radvilaite Carolina.
Nesvizh Olyka-line from the start of 1474. Pioneer Nicholas Radziwill Brown (1512-1584), the Lithuanian Great Hetman of Lithuania, the Grand Chancellor of the Province of Vilnius, the Lithuanian Head of Delegation of Lublin. Nesvizh-line Olyka had dumpling, Šidlavos, Berdyčevo branches are merged together and then split up, until the twentieth century. briefly at the beginning was almost completely fused. But it is the first, second world wars, revolutions, or nusavinusios išparceliavusios estates, so that the princes of controlling the number of titles referring to the mandatory estates, has disappeared, although the family descendants have survived to this day.
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